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Building journal cost estimator india

Building journal cost estimator india. Values have been calculated using the average cost in each location. Two researchers from the University of Washington have found a way to estimate a US city’s obesity Artificial Intelligence done wrong. To get a customized cost estimate for your construction, please connect with our contractors near you. The calculator estimates the approximate cost and quantity of Cement, Sand, Aggregate, Steel, Paint, Flooring, Tiles, Bricks, Fittings, Window, Doors, Plumbing, Electrical, Sanitary, etc. The construction cost estimator/calculator helps to finalize the approximate amount of cost & quantity of material required for constructing a home. 198-204. Cassimatis, Economics of the Construction Industry, The National Industry Before concluding all these things, it is essential to calculate the actual cost of your building. Quickly estimate the cost of residential and commercial demolition projects in over 160 US. Metal building prices and cost guide for 2024. Find out the approximate cost of your dream home with UltraTech's Home Construction Cost Calculator. 6. Mar 18, 2024 · Our construction estimate template is designed to do just this by setting up a solid system for listing and organizing expenses. ₹ 1646500 Rs. 9566. Our construction project estimate template cuts down on the guesswork and breaks a project into more manageable phases. Jul 20, 2024 · Shed Construction Cost Calculator Length (ft): Width (ft): Select Material: Prefab - ₹110/sq ft Steel Conventional - ₹250/sq ft Modular Tensile - ₹450/sq ft Steel/Stainless Steel - ₹320/sq ft Calculate Cost Did you know building a backyard shed in India can cost between ₹20,000 and ₹2,00,000? 4. ft. One of the key factors to consider before embarking on a new home construction project is Whether you’re a seasoned contractor or a DIY enthusiast, accurate and detailed construction estimates are crucial for the success of any project. Construction Estimate ₹ 1479000 Rs. You input project details like materials, labor, and other expenses, and the estimator provides you with a comprehensive cost breakdown. 5 billion, as per industry analysts. Jul 19, 2024 · Cost of constructing a room in India- 2024-2025. Pre-tender cost estimates of construction projects require extensive knowledge and expertise. This calculator is best for Asian countries like India and Nepal and provides 98% accurate estimation below 1000 Square feet build-up area. com is the industry-leading cost-estimation software because our estimations use updated, real-time costs and zip-code-specific data. Build your own shed with Tata Steel Aashiyana's free online estimator. Learn all about getting an estimate for hou When it comes to selling your truck, you want to make sure you get the best price for it. +3, Tools. Compare the quantity and cost of materials and choose the best option for your project. Oct 24, 2021 · Download Citation | Research on Construction Cost Estimation Based on Artificial Intelligence Technology | For the prediction of economic expenses involved in construction industry, cost Construction Cost Estimator- Construction Cost Estimators simplify complex calculations. The impact of Use our construction cost calculator to quickly estimate new construction costs on over 50 building types. 383. Get accurate home construction cost calculations to plan your project budget effectively. This estimating technique is more accurate than the plinth area technique. 99acres shares a comprehensive guide on property registration charges in India, and explains how to calculate them using a property registration calculator. Types of Construction Cost Estimate Jul 4, 2022 · Energy efficient functional retrofitting of buildings helps in reducing the energy and resource consumption of a building. Dec 25, 2020 · Publisher: Bioflux Cluj Napoca, Romania; ISBN: 978-606-8887-92-0, e-ISBN 978-606-8887-90-6 Sep 25, 2023 · Marriage Hall Construction Cost per Square Foot|Marriage Hall Construction Price in India This course introduces the types of cost estimation from the conceptual design phase through the more detailed design phase of a construction project. Home-Cost. 2. Let’s find out the c ost of constructing a room in India of a room size 10 by 10 feet. Nov 29, 2018 · Predicting project cost performance level by assessing risk factors of building construction in South Korea. Buildbook's construction cost calculator for contractors allows you calculate your total construction costs based on line items, rates, and quantities. a. Building a deck can be a great way to add living space and value to your home. Every plumber’s different. Quickly estimate the cost of residential painting and commercial painting projects in over 160 US. . They provide clients with a breakdown of costs, materials, and labor required for the completion of their proj A pond can be a beautiful addition to any backyard, providing a tranquil and serene atmosphere. 1449/- per sqft of buildup area (Total slab area). Fol On January 23, Polycab India i Usually, when we think about journaling, the old fashioned method of pen and paper comes to mind. Access accurate and up-to-date building construction costs data that helps pre construction managers, architects, engineers, contractors and others to precisely project and control cost estimation of both new building construction and renovation projects. However, the net benefit received has to be analysed by considering the entire life cycle of the building. How much does it cost to build a 10-floor building in India? Disclaimer: Note that the costs computed by the Construction Cost Calculator above are tentative estimate. Quickly estimate the cost of residential and commercial pumbing projects in over 160 US. Nevertheless, the calibre of the building materials is a crucial component in self-estimation. This depends on the location, construction type, and material quality. The main seven factors that impact cost are: 1) Building Size. Labor costs, material prices, and project complexity also affect the cost. Jul 13, 2023 · What is the cost of architect fees as a percentage in India? To give an example of a general building cost, let's say it is Rs. Update the cost estimate: Any changes to the cost estimate must be updated and reported Dec 13, 2023 · Q1: How does a house construction cost calculator in India work? A1: A house construction cost calculator in India works by taking into account factors such as location, size, and materials used in the project. Then you can brief the project stakeholders on cost estimates to get their approval. g. House Construction Cost Calculator Excel House Construction Materials. This estimate Use our construction cost calculator to quickly estimate new construction costs on over 50 building types. The construction cost of an 800 sq ft house in Tamil Nadu, India can vary depending on various factors such as the location, type of construction, quality of materials, labor costs, and design preferences. Along the way, we’ll touch on potential pain points, as well as helpful tools like estimating software. Quickly estimate the cost of residential and commercial foundation installation projects in over 160 US. ), G. Calculate your construction costs, profit margin, markup, cost per square foot, and more with our collection of free and easy-to-use online construction calculators. Creating a construction estimate When it comes to construction projects, having a detailed estimate of cost is crucial. For instance, the average construction cost varies from 1000 to 1500 rupees square feet. Having a clear idea of how much your garage construction project will cost can help Estimate the cost of building a roller skating rink by determining its size, scope and layout and then determining if you are going to build on an empty lot or renovate an existing When it comes to building a house, one of the first steps is to determine the cost estimate. Final Construction Cost Estimates: Final estimates are developed when all costs are identified, construction has been put out to tender, and bids are received. Wall Street analysts expect GAIL (India) will report earnings per share o GAIL (India) is reporting Q3 e 10club, a six-month-old Indian startup that is building a Thrasio-like venture, said on Tuesday it has raised $40 million in what is one of the largest seed financing rounds in the Reliance is poised to eventually outpace Amazon and Flipkart in the race for India's $150 billion e-commerce market, Bernstein estimates. J. Accurate cost estimation is essential for budgeting, securing financing, and ensuring profitability. Let’s begin! Here’s What We’ll Cover: Types of Construction Cost Estimate. In addition, the course highlights the importance of controlling costs and how to monitor project cash flow. Cube Rate Cost Estimate: A building’s cube rate cost estimate can be calculated by dividing the plinth area by the building’s height. Just enter the type of building you’re building, the dimensions, your location, any accessories you need, and your contact Oct 4, 2022 · Lengthy-range, column-free designs are the most vital in any form of industrial structure and Pre Engineered Buildings (pre-engineered buildings) meet that standard along with reduced time and There are many easy-to-use construction cost estimating tools available at your fingertips. This translates into cost benefits which are achieved during the operational phase of the building in post-retrofit scenario. On average, installed (turnkey) steel buildings cost $24 to $43 per sq. Desired quality and finishing; b. Just fill up the required information and get an instant estimate. Jul 20, 2024 · Commercial Building Construction Cost Calculator Area (in sq. Visualisation lets the estimator identify potential problems and estimate costs more efficiently. It not only helps in planning and budgeting but also ensures that the project stays on track When it comes to building a house, one of the most important steps is obtaining accurate construction estimates. 84. The influence of inaccurate cost estimation on construction projects is critical. The estimating process can be a tedious and time-consuming task that requires accuracy and speed. 07 = Rs. For an architect's fee at 7%, it would be calculated as 60,00,000 X 0. materials and worker wages) and indirect costs (e. Actual cost will vary depending upon. 870 Sq. Heard of artificial intelligence being too clever by half? Air India, the Indian carrier that was recently taken over by the country’s Tata Sons Derry Moore photographed colonial-era buildings whose days, he already knew, were numbered. But before you start digging, it’s important to understand the costs associated with When it comes to planning a building project, one of the most important factors is estimating the cost of materials. Oct 5, 2022 · To examine the economic benefit of 3DPC building, the cost incurred for materials and labour at construction stage was analysed with normal brick masonry construction. This estimate plays a crucial role in planning and budgeting for the construction proje When it comes to planning a new home construction project, one of the most important factors to consider is the cost per square foot. May 6, 2024 · By understanding the various factors affecting home construction costs in India, you can make informed decisions, set a realistic budget, and ensure a successful construction project that meets your requirements and financial capabilities. Therefore, this paper presents analysis and studied manuscripts that proposed for cost estimation with machine learning techniques for the last 30 years. TYPE Avg. As India’s cities have transformed into chaotic, ungainly urban sprawls, scores of its h Curio, a startup building a platform that turns expert journalism into professionally narrated content, is embracing AI technology to create customized audio episodes, based on you There is morbidity caused by pollution, but no money to treat the ailments. From house to house, the cost of constructing a room can vary greatly. Construction Estimate ₹ 1513000 Rs. How to reduce construction costs? The following advice may assist lower the overall cost of building in India: Obtain content locally. +2, G. Average cost of constructing a room. Apr 23, 2024 · Here, we’ll discuss the basics of construction cost estimation, as well as common methods. F. These values ar In the construction industry, accurate cost estimation is crucial for the success of any project. Wall Street predict expect Polycab India will release earnings per share of INR 15. House Construction Cost in Pune starts from Rs. Web Stories; Rate Analysis >> Rate Analysis of Aluminum Door; Rate Use our construction cost calculator to quickly estimate new construction costs on over 50 building types. Analysts are expecting earnings per share of INR 7. For a more detailed metal building cost estimate for your specific metal building, call RHINO now at 940. By inputting these details into the calculator, users can get an approximate idea of the total cost of building a house. Learners will work on a break-even analysis of construction tasks in a project. Watch Affle (India) stock price move in On November 10, Affle (India) On January 23, Polycab India will release figures for Q3. Let’s say you’re planning to build a 30,000-square-foot warehouse in Kansas City at a median cost index. These estimates not only help you plan your budget but also ensure Are you planning to build your dream home or embark on a renovation project? One crucial aspect of any construction project is determining the cost. Average cost of basement construction. Nov 8, 2023 · Architects, contractors, or other specialised estimating firms typically produce construction cost estimates. Hence, this paper investigates the Sep 15, 2020 · Construction cost predictions to reduce time risk assessment are indispensable steps for process of decision-making of managers. 4,20,000. However, with the help of Bl The first step to calculating the cost of building a house is to create an estimated cost breakdown. The Construction cost in Bangalore 2022 varies from Rs 1650 / sq ft to Rs 1900 / sq ft; it all depends on various factors and requirements. Leverage your professional network, and get hired. Accurate cost calculation is essential to ensure the project's financial viability and to Buy Home Designs & Construction Material Online · We provide top-rated Home Design & Construction Material at best price across India. Knowing what affects these costs is key for smart decisions and Nov 2, 2016 · The construction contractor's cost estimate will determine the construction bid or whether the company will bid on the construction contract. Journal of Construction Engineering and Apr 20, 2023 · House Building Cost Estimator calculate the cost to build a 1,500, 2,000 or 3,000 square foot house. However, it’s important to understand the costs associated with building a deck before you start. ₹ 1313500 Rs. Aug 31, 2021 · The papers have identified a total of 238 construction cost estimation papers in 23 journals. Factors influencing the cost of construction. We offer House construction in Bangalore Starting at Just Rs 1650/ sq ft onwards; One can use our advanced construction cost calculator tool below to calculate the approximate cost to build a house. From there, a construction project manager only needs to answer questions about each expense. Our sophisticated web application is meticulously crafted to provide architects, engineers, and contractors with precise price estimations and valuation for a variety of building projects. Use our construction cost calculator to quickly estimate new construction costs on over 50 building types. Expert Advice On Improving Your Hom Unsurprisingly, green spaces and the opportunity to move play an important role. They work closely with architects, engineers and project managers to define the project's scope and use technical drawings, project plans and the latest cost data to assemble an accurate and detailed cost estimate. The responsibility of estimating construction costs often falls on a Construction Estimator or Cost Engineer. This is where a home constructi If you are planning to build a garage, one of the first things you need to consider is the cost. Building height should be measured from the ground up to the roof’s peak. However, In the construction industry, accurate project costing is crucial for the success of any project. Once you’re ready to hire your team, you need to start by gathering construction project estimates. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering , 10(2), 437–444. The aim of this Nov 9, 2020 · Substantive estimates, discussed above, break down the costs according to project segment. equipment depreciation and office worker salaries). "Online plumbing estimating. 129(2): p. Try Now. 710 Sq. Our knowledgeable metal building specialists will be happy to discuss your project with TYPE Avg. Simply plug it into an online estimator, such as the Building Journal’s construction cost estimator, and you’ll see construction costs sit Best construction cost tool available online and its free to design and development by my house map you can use this house construction cost calculator to know the approx construction cost of the house its shows construction cost per sq ft as well as material wise, per sqft construction cost comes in top after submission of plot size and other details this calculator for construction cost is a May 6, 2024 · Pool Size Dimensions; Small Pool: 12×24 feet: Medium Pool: 15×30 feet: Large Pool: 20×40 feet: Custom Pool: Varies based on individual requirements Use our construction cost calculator to quickly estimate new construction costs on over 50 building types. May 7, 2024 · Hotel Construction Cost Calculator Total Area (in square feet): Number of Rooms: Cost per Square Feet (in INR): Calculate When planning the construction of a hotel in India, one of the most critical aspects is estimating the total cost of the project. Dec 4, 2020 · The accurate cost estimate is one of the success keys to construction projects. Three Methods. One crucial aspect of this process is determining the construction cost per square foot. Quickly estimate the cost of residential and commercial projects in over 160 US. Oct 4, 2021 · Journal of Construction Engineering and Manage ment, 2003. Additionally, prices vary from region to region. 3000 per square foot of the built-up area. Best Quality Latest Calculating the cost of construction for your project is the first and the most essential step in the development of your house. New Construction Estimator jobs added daily. May 6, 2024 · In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the intricacies of compound wall construction costs in India. This is particularly true when it comes to concrete, which is a Building a new home is an exciting endeavor, but it can also be a complex and costly one. 9. The quantity of materials, labours, formwork, etc. 890 Sq. house costs on average $290,000 - 400,000. 8. Embark on your construction journey in Addis Ababa with confidence using the Addis Cost Estimator. Sand is a vital component for mortar and concrete production. Here’s an overview of the costs associated with some fundamental construction materials: Sand. The actual construction cost may differ as per your current location and several other factors. A project costing spreadsheet is a powerful tool that enables construction profess Building a new structure involves careful planning, budgeting, and decision-making. Construction Estimate ₹ 1207000 Rs. Apr 25, 2023 · Document the estimate and present it to management: Having documentation for each step in the cost estimate process keeps everyone on the same page with the cost estimate. Instantly calculate PEB project budget online Discover the ultimate House Construction Cost Calculator by Brick Bolt! Easily estimate the cost to build a house using your preferred materials. Jun 5, 2019 · For a fast estimate on how much a metal building will cost for a given size, use the RHINO Quick Quote form as a steel building cost estimator. Building a 2,000 sq. Quality Good Quality Best Quality; Area of Construction: 970 Sq. India’s smartphone exports have more than doubled, re. "Online construction drywall calculator. But buyer beware, getting an accurate quote means you’ll have to have information at your finge Are you looking to buy or sell a car? Do you want to make sure you get the best deal possible? NADA’s Car Value Estimator is an invaluable tool to help you get the most out of your Car maintenance and repairs can be an expensive affair. Aug 8, 2024 · Construction estimating is the process of calculating all of the required costs for a construction project, including direct costs (e. From routine services to unexpected breakdowns, the costs can quickly add up. Use our construction cost calculator to quickly estimate new construction costs on over 50 building types. Aug 2, 2024 · 1. Quality Good Quality Best Quality; Area of Construction: 710 Sq. ₹ 1794500 Rs. We provide an excellent home construction cost estimator with the advanced features to calculate the building estimation and costing using the pricing information from the surveys done in the market and complex algorithms used by our estimator. Basic Quality Construction = 1100 Rs/sqft Mar 27, 2017 · A cost estimate may also be used to prepare a project cost baseline, which is the milestone-based point of comparison for assessing a project’s actual cost performance. , covering the kit, concrete slab, delivery, and construction. If you want to know the full estimate of a multi-storey building, then Contact Us. Select Country: {{ CountryOp[0] }} Select State: {{ StateOp[0] }} Nov 22, 2023 · Building A House Cost Estimator. Quality Good Quality Best Quality; Area of Construction: 890 Sq. The chart below gives cost estimates to build a house across a range of sizes, using a low-end cost of $100 per square foot, an average modern build at $155 per square foot, and a high-end custom builds at $400 per square foot. This breakdown includes hard costs such as labor and materials and soft costs s Professional roofing contractors typically provide estimates of materials needed for roofing, including the number of shingles needed. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Use our construction software to quickly estimate new construction costs on over 50 building types. There are many considerations that can impact the final cost of your project. One of the most crucial aspects of this process is budgeting. ₹ 1609500 Rs. House construction cost calculator. ft. Key Components of a Cost Estimate . Building a house in India has not given much hope, especially in cities, it is a very difficult task, in different states of India and their cities, different types of construction materials are available, which are used to build a house. One tool that can greatly assist in this process is a commercial building cost calc Embarking on a construction project is exciting and often a little overwhelming. 970 Sq. Our easy steel building cost estimator will allow you to work out the exact kind of building you need and come up with a cost that suits your budget, so before you even order, you’ll know exactly where you stand. Even thou Building a home with a slab foundation and wondering what it will cost? Click here to see the average concrete slab cost and what factors influence your price. We scan through our database of global projects and use a regression algorithm to predict key data for your building project including: Project cost; Project duration; Building size; We return a list of all the similar projects to yours including key data. Knowing the value of your truck is essential to making sure you get the most out of your s If you’re looking for a vehicle insurance estimate, it’s simple to get a free quote. Even though large metal buildings may have a higher overall cost, they actually offer a lower cost of steel per square foot. ): Rate (per sq. Post Requirement. May 15, 2023 · It is the fee you pay to the government for recording the property in your name. Cost of construction in top cities. ): Calculate Did you know building a commercial space in India can cost between ₹2,000 to ₹8,000 per square foot? This shows the big money needed for commercial projects in the country. Quickly estimate the cost of residential and commercial Drywall projects in over 160 US. Understanding the typical costs of key construction materials in India is crucial for planning and budgeting in the construction industry. Average cost of bathroom/toilet construction. Expert Advice On Imp Are you self-employed? Then this guide to filing estimated taxes is for you! Find out what you need to do, and when. From materials and labor costs to customized finish levels and construction qualities, w e put you in control of your budget by letting you model and adjust design and material choices. Jan 27, 2022 · The cost of a pre-engineered metal building is never fixed in stone. "Online construction estimating. However, with the help of car service cost est The Wall Street Journal and HT Media’s business newspaper Mint have ended their seven-year-old partnership effective today. required for each item of work was taken according to the Delhi Analysis of Rates 2019. Whether you need to clean the exterior of your home, your driveway, or your commercia While it is impossible to know exactly what the Great Wall of China cost to build, modern calculations estimate the cost to be approximately $360 billion. There were about 198,000 cost estimators in 1994 according to the U. Simple geometric calculations can provide a r Construction costing is a critical aspect of any construction project. 60,00,000. Knowing the value of an RV can help you make an informed decision and ensure you Every job is different. With the advancement of technology, professionals now have access to powerful tool In the construction industry, time is of the essence. Quality Good Quality Best Quality; Area of Construction: 870 Sq. Today’s top 562 Construction Estimator jobs in India. Existing /current cost of material & labour Jan 2, 2023 · 3D/BIM (Building Information Modeling) estimating software uses digital models to determine the cost of a construction project. Don't risk costly mistakes. +1, G. Contingencies and profit margins are added to arrive at a total cost estimate. But of course, there’s a digital version of every activity now, and there are a to Apple made up almost half of the total smartphone exports from India with an estimated $5. The estimate will provide you with an understanding of the scale of development and will allow you to set expectations for yourself and for your design consultants. Best Quality Latest Use our construction cost calculator to quickly estimate new construction costs on over 50 building types. For any enquiry call. There is no consensus among researchers about the most important factors influencing the cost estimate accuracy. Improve your estimating process today. A good plumbing cost estimator takes all of that into account along with some of Whether you want the interior or the exterior of your house painted, if you don’t want to do it yourself, you’ll need to hire a painter. Her When planning for a commercial construction project, estimating the costs accurately is crucial. This figure helps homeowners estimate how much Planning to build your dream home can be an exciting yet daunting task. The total cost to construct a modest middle-class 2,000 square Buy Home Designs & Construction Material Online · We provide top-rated Home Design & Construction Material at best price across India. S. If you already have detailed construction plans we recommend you get accurate quotes from local builders. But it may be separated into the following way. "Online construction demolition estimating. For a detailed explanation of how this residential construction cost calculator works read this article: 'Estimating building costs'. When it comes to building a house, one of the most important steps is getting accurate construction estimates. Prefab metal building kits range in price from $15 to $25 per square foot. Estimate the cost of new construction based on the size of the house, number of levels, number of bathrooms, type of roofing, siding, windows, flooring, trim and finish. Key Takeaways. Our executives will get back to you shortly. Average cost of raw materials. 85. Jul 25, 2024 · What is the cost of construction per square foot in India? Construction costs in India range from ₹2,000 to ₹5,000 or more per square foot. Without a clear understanding of the costs inv Power washing is an essential service that helps keep your property clean and well-maintained. It's crucial to integrate the system with BIM tools or other information-rich databases to make use of it. “Cost Over estimate”, and “Cost Overrun”. The Rajiv Gandhi government had passed its prime when I started practising journalism in 1987. Crossref The home construction cost calculator provides 10 Key aspects of Price breakdown and Project Cost. Machine learning techniques need adequate dataset size to model and forecast the cost of projects. Filter projects based on location, building type and floor area. A cost estimate is a summation of all the costs involved in successfully finishing a project, from inception to completion (project duration). The College Investor Student Loans, Investing, Building Wealth On February 10, GAIL (India) reveals figures for the most recent quarter. May 26, 2017 · A number of qualifications in cost estimation are available, including the International Cost Estimating and Analysis Association’s Certified Cost Estimator/Analyst program,the American Society of Professional Estimators’ Certified Professional Estimator certification, and the American Association of Cost Engineers’ certifications for Free housing construction cost calculator to check accurate construction costs in India for all cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad Enter your nearest city below so we can adjust the cost for your location. "Online construction foundation estimating. 3. The Indian conglomerate Reliance is poised Affle (India) releases figures for Q2 on November 10. Average cost of construction in India. May 10, 2023 · How to Find House Construction Cost; Building Estimation Step by Step In Excel Sheet : 2024; Estimation for Building Works; House Construction Cost Calculator Excel Sheet; House Construction Cost Calculator Excel Sheet For Ground Floor(G. This me When it comes to buying or selling an RV, one of the most important steps is estimating its value. How to calculate construction cost? 4. This guide is a powerful tool designed to help you understand the market trends, construction cost of real estate assets across major markets of India. These estimates provide you with an idea of how much your dream home Building estimates are an essential part of any construction project. Jan 6, 2016 · Illustrative Relationships between Building Size and Input Labor by Types of Building (Reprinted with permission from P. Whether you are planning to build a simple boundary wall or an elaborate security structure, understanding the key factors and expenses involved will help you make informed decisions and budget effectively. If a 2000-square-foot house is proposed, the project cost would be Rs. Construction Estimate ₹ 1649000 Rs. 9339330099. The wall is 4,160 miles f According to PBS, actual building costs for Versailles vary between estimates, but experts think costs ranged from 116,438,892 livres or $2 billion to $300 billion. RSMeans Data is North America's leading construction estimating database available in a variety of formats. How it works. Aug 20, 2024 · Cost of construction materials in India. Both organisations said in internal memos that it would Learn how to create accurate construction estimates with these 5 proven tips. The estimation of buildings may be different according to the quality of materials and the building. 5. 7. It works well for multi-story buildings. 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